1. @c = addArrays(@a, @b);
2. @c = addArrays(\@a, \@b);
3. @c = addArrasy($a, $b);
4. @c = addArrays(&@a, &@b);

for (index = 0; index < fruits.length; index++) { ... }

1. for (index in fruits) { ... }
2. for each (index fruits) { ... }
3. for (fruits as index) { ... }
4. for index in range(0, fruits.length) { ... }

1. my uses static, lexical scoping, whereas local uses dynamic scoping which is more apt to break the program
2. my indicates that the local variable should receive a reference to a parameter's value whereas local indicates that the parameter's value to should be copied into the local variable, thus leading to expensive copies for parameters that are objects, such as lists or hash tables
3. local has a loophole that allows the variable to end up in the global namespace once the function exits
4. local flattens a hash table parameter into a list of the hash table's keys and values whereas my keeps the hash table intact as an object

1. plain text format
2. JSON format
3. XML format
4. DOM format

1. It associates a package with a module, thus identifying the package as an instance of that module
2. It associates a subclass with a class, thus allowing methods not defined in the subclass to be located in the superclass
3. It associates a reference, which is usually a reference to a hash, with a class, thus identifying the object as an instance of that class
4. It is the command used in place of a constructor to create a new object.

1. class Rectangle extends GraphicalObject;
   

2. class Rectangle : base Graphical Object;
   

3. package Rectangle;
   derives GraphicalObject;
   

4. package Rectangle;  
   use base("GraphicalObject");
   

1. You may have incorrectly written the validation functions on the web form
2. The CGI transmission protocol is highly prone to transmit faulty data
3. Hackers may be able to by-pass the web form by calling your script directly
4. Hackers may have entered malicious data on the web form that javascript functions cannot detect

1. lack of pointers
2. prototype-instance object system rather than class-instance object system
3. inability to read/write files
4. inability to read from stdin or write to stdout

Multiple Answer Questions (36 points total): The following questions may have one or more correct answers. Circle all answers that are correct.

1. They execute faster because the query is pre-optimized by the query optimizer
2. They prevent cross-site scripting attacks
3. They reduce the amount of data traffic between the server and the client
4. They provide a way to cache database results on the client side so that repetitive queries can be answered without sending the query to the server.
5. They speculatively pre-fetch results from the SQL database so that data is potentially already cached in the server's memory when it is needed.
6. They make it more difficult to carry out injection attacks against the database

1. cookies
2. hidden form elements
3. SESSION table
4. database storage

1. They prevent hackers from corrupting the data that is sent to the server
2. They can be preserved between web sessions, which means that the user can close their web browser, re-open it, and the data will still be available.
3. They allow multiple servers to handle the same web session
4. They allow client-side scripts to access the data, as well as server side scripts.
5. They only have to be transmitted once per web session rather than with each page request
6. They allow more session data to be stored because they are stored on the server rather than the client and hence are subject to the server's size limitations rather than the browser's size limitations.

1. When the form will be used to query the database but not modify it
2. When you want to allow external web-crawlers to query your site without going through the web-interface for the site
3. When the form will be used to modify the database, such as placing an order or a reservation
4. When the amount of information to be transmitted is in the thousands of kilobytes or more.

    /^\d{2,4}$/ 
  

1. bz385sj
2. 171
3. 37920
4. 25
5. 4
6. 5384
7. 223444
8. 324432

 /^([A-Z]\.)|([A-Z][a-z]*)$/
 

1. 146Brad
2. M.
3. Ma
4. G
5. asterisk
6. M.Brad
7. GeorgeB.
8. AARDVARK

1. built-in data types for lists and hash tables, instead of library support for these data types
2. strong access protections for object-oriented programming
3. interpreted execution
4. support for high-level string manipulation, including pattern-matching constructs
5. built-in high-level loop constructs for iterating through lists and arrays, instead of library support for these loop constructs.
6. efficient execution of programs
7. support for general-purposing computing (e.g., the ability to write programs to accomplish arbitrary tasks)
8. concise, compact syntax that allows programmers to quickly write small but powerful programs

1. The hacker could cause you to return links to the client-side that could cause a user to click to a malicious web-site
2. The hacker could cause you to return javascript code that implants a virus on the client's hard drive
3. The hacker could execute malicious code on your server if you pass the data as parameters to system commands
4. The hacker could execute malicious queries on your database if you pass the data as parameters to database queries
5. The hacker could cause you to return javascript code that searches the client's hard drive for passwords

1. All prototypes are themselves objects.
2. Prototypes cannot contain methods.
3. Prototypes do not have constructors.
4. Properties can be dynamically added or deleted from any instance object.
5. Properties can be dynamically added or deleted from any prototype object.
6. Prototypes are computationally more efficient than classes.
7. Prototypes cannot support multiple inheritance.
8. Prototypes allow web interfaces to be rapidly changed without shutting down the web-site and recompiling it.

1. Incrementally add or delete email headers sent from a server without regenerating the entire page
2. Validate form data and mark invalid form elements without re-generating the entire page
3. Update parts of a web page based on local changes to form data
4. Display forms and allow users to interact with the forms by clicking on form elements and entering information into text boxes
5. Display stock quotes without re-generating the entire page
6. Allow a user to move to a new page by clicking on a link
7. Allow new images to be periodically downloaded from the server and displayed in the same location without re-generating the entire page
8. Display static images that are downloaded from the server when the web-page is first loaded.

1. An inability to dynamically generate html pages on the server side that would reflect changes user made to a form
2. The loss of the state information of javascript variables when a new page was loaded
3. An inability to transmit images in a web-page
4. The browser would freeze until the server responded with a new page
5. Bandwidth and latency issues caused by having to transmit an entire page of information.
6. A malicious hacker could read information on the client's file system

1. Given the same amount of data, it provides much more compact storage
2. It can execute queries more efficiently
3. Its data is human-readable
4. It provides greater data security
5. It is less likely to have redundant data that is subject to update anamolies
6. It provides powerful query operators that allows end-users without programming experience to quickly combine data from different schemas and generate reports
7. It supports semi-structured data that may have different attributes based on an element's type
8. It provides better support for concurrent updating of its data

1. ____________________ create dynamic web pages on the server side by embedding code islands in html mark-up.

2. ____________________ use regular expressions, to extract data from files and format this data into reports.

3. ____________________ modify parts of a web-page by modifying the page's html dom

4. ____________________ encode data by marking it up with tags

Javascript questions. The following html markup applies to questions 22-26. All of the questions are multiple choice except for the one question explicitly marked as multiple answer.

1. firstname = document.forms.application.fname;
2. firstname = document.forms.application.fname.value;
3. firstname = document.forms.application.fname.innerHTML;
4. firstname = document.getElementById('fname').value;

1. document.username.html = name;
2. document.username = name;
3. document.username.innerHTML = name;
4. document.getElementById('username') = name;
5. document.getElementById('username').innerHTML = name;
6. document.getElementById('username').value = name;
7. document.getElementById('username').firstChild.nodeValue = name;
8. document.getElementById('username').firstChild = name;

1. <input type="submit" />
2. <submit value="Submit Query" />
3. <input type="button" value="Submit" />
4. <input validateForm() />

1. onClick = validateName(fname);
2. onClick = validateName(this);
3. onChange = validateName(fname);
4. onChange = validateName(this);
5. changeEvent = validateName(fname);
6. changeEvent = validateName(this);

1. radio buttons
2. menu
3. text box
4. check boxes

1. A name such that: 1) the name may consist of one or more words (e.g., Brad T Vander Zanden), 2) the first letter of each separate word in the name is capitalized and the remaining letters are lower case, 3) there may be 0 or more remaining letters after the first letter 3) each word in the name consists only of alphabetical letters, and 4) each word of the name is separated by exactly one blank space.

2. A string that specifies an id as containing:
   • exactly 2 digits,
   • followed by a group that contains a dash followed by 4-6 digits,
   • followed by an optional group that contains a dash followed by 1-3 lowercase letters (a-z).
   For example, 37-9203-br and 43-485855 are legitimate zip codes.

hi
how are you
this is
a test
how are you
brad
brad
how are you
today?

lines 2 and 5 are duplicates
lines 6 and 7 are duplicates
lines 2 and 8 are duplicates