adaptive against algorithm analog analysis apparatus application applications applying approach approaches approximation architecture architectures arithmetic array arrays article assembled attacks authentication aware based bicmos block blocks built chaos chaotic characterization charge circuit circuits close complementary complex computational computer computers computing considerations considering constrained construction cortical counter crossbar crosstalk currents danna decoder descent design designed designer designing designs development device devices digital dimensional dynamic effect effects efficient electrical electronic electronics emerging enabled encoding encryption energy enhancements environments equivalent experimental exploiting exploration exploring extensions fabric fault field flexible floorplanning forming foundations framework fromprogrammable function functions generation global gradient hafnium hardware hierarchical highlights highly hotspot hybrid image implementation implemented implementing implications improved improving inspired integrated intelligence interconnect internet introduction inversion issue large layer learning level leveraging linearly local logic majority matrix mechanism meets memories memory memristance memristive memristor memristors method minimization model modeling molecular monitored monolayers moore mosfet multi multilevel multiplication nanoarch nanoelectronic nanoelectronics nanomemories nanoprocessor nanoprocessors nanoscale network networks neural neuromorphic nonlinearly obfuscation online operation overlapping overview oxide pages parallel parameter partitioning performance performing perspective physical platform power practical primitive primitives process processor processors profile programmable programming purpose quantum rationale realization recall reconfigurable reducing related reliability resistive resistor results robust robustness scalable scale scheme schemes secure security sensor separable sharing signal simulation simulations single sneak solutions special stochastic strategies stray study sublithographic suitable survey synapses system systems technique techniques technologies technology temperature terminal testing thermal things threshold through tolerance tolerant tolerate towards trainable training transition trust turbo ultra unclonable universal using utilizing variation variations vector weight while write